1. Biotechnology : Principles And Processes

Biotechnology harnesses biological systems and living organisms to develop or create different products. Its core principles involve genetic engineering (manipulating DNA), recombinant DNA technology, and in vitro fertilization. Key processes include gene cloning, PCR (polymerase chain reaction), gel electrophoresis, and transformation (introducing foreign DNA into host cells). These techniques enable scientists to modify organisms for specific purposes, revolutionizing medicine, agriculture, and industry.

2. Biotechnology And Its Applications

Biotechnology has wide-ranging applications. In medicine, it's used for producing therapeutic proteins (like insulin), developing vaccines, and gene therapy. In agriculture, it leads to genetically modified crops with improved yield, pest resistance, and nutritional value. Biotechnology also plays roles in environmental management (bioremediation), industrial processes (enzyme production), and forensic science. India is actively pursuing advancements in biotechnology for healthcare, agriculture, and sustainable development.